Violence Against Nurses Psychiatric Settings Health And Social Care Essay

The motive of this paper stemmed from a late intelligence in the media describing the increased incidents of force and aggression faced by nurses in Jordanian infirmaries. The media intelligence prompted the writer to reflect on current cognition and apprehension of these events in both in Jordan and around the universe to do recommendations for pull offing reduction, and bar of these events in the hereafter. Recommendations for future research in this country were addressed besides. Recommendations for future research will enable nurses to intensify their apprehension of force and aggression in psychiatric scenes & A ; which in bend will take to improved schemes, policy and pattern taking to increased safety for nurses and patients. This paper was intended to be a commentary paper on the phenomena of force in psychiatric scenes ; nevertheless, to notice on this phenomenon an extended literature reappraisal was conducted and will be presented besides. The paper design compared the â €Å" force † with the â€Å" offense † . The culprit of this offense is the psychiatric or mentally sick patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental wellness nurse. The scene where the offense occurred is the psychiatric scene. The Aim This paper aims to supply a general apprehension of the whole image of force against nurses in psychiatric scenes. In order to accomplish that, this paper addressed the undermentioned subjects: ( 1 ) Recent epidemiology of episodes of force in psychiatric words, ( 2 ) Specifying force and related constructs, types, and signifiers, ( 3 ) The culprit, ( 4 ) The victim, ( 5 ) Prevention of violent incidents, ( 6 ) Appraisal of force, ( 7 ) Management of violent episodes. Methods The undermentioned databases were searched: EBSCO host service databases ( Academic Search complete, Accumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature ( CINAHL Plus ) , MEDLINE, Psychology and Behaviours Sciences Collection ) . These databases were searched for English linguistic communication documents published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 utilizing the cardinal words â€Å" violen* † ( force or violent ) and â€Å" in-patient † or â€Å" psychiatric words † or â€Å" psychiatric scenes † . Limiters were used in each database to include and except certain surveies. The hunt was limited to full text articles, available mentions articles, articles published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 in scholarly ( peer reviewed ) diaries. Particular clippers for Academic Search Complete were periodical publications, English linguistic communication articles, and articles with PDF full text. Particular clippers for CINAHL Plus were articles with available abstract, English linguistic communication articles, research articles merely, articles that considered worlds merely as research topics, articles with at least one nurse writer, surveies conducted in inmate scenes merely, and articles with PDF full text. Particular clippers for MEDLINE were: articles with abstract available, English linguistic communication articles, articles that considered worlds merely as research topics, articles published in nursing Diaries merely. Merely PDF full text articles were searched in psychol ogical science and Behavioural Sciences Collection. After finishing hunt, 197 surveies resulted. Most of them were included in this paper. However, some were non included because they did non react to the objects of this paper. Some of surveies in mentions lists of the attendant articles were besides reviewed and included for epidemiological intents even they are older than five old ages. Some of them were besides used for critically reexamining the updated surveies ( aaˆÂ °A?5 old ages ) . Definitions Violence in the workplace can take assorted signifiers runing from opprobrious linguistic communication, menaces, physical assaults, and even homicide ( Wassell, 2009 ) . There are many different definitions of force. This subdivision will specify and distinguish between force signifiers and signifiers. The universe Health Organization ( WHO ) define force as: â€Å" The knowing usage of physical force or power, threatened or existent, against oneself another individual, or against a group or community, that either consequences in or has a high likeliness of ensuing in hurt, decease, psychological injury, maldevlopment, or want † ( WHO, 2005, p.5 ) . Work-related force is any activity or event occurred in the work environment affect the international usage of physical or emotional maltreatment against an employee, ensuing in negative physical and emotional effects ( Nachreiner, et al. , 2007 ) . A less restrictive definition was the definition of Baron and Neuman ; they define workplace force as direct onslaughts which occur in the workplace itself or within an organisation ( Baron & A ; Neumann, 1998 ) . Physical assault is hitting, slapping, kicking, forcing, catching, sexually assaulted, or any type of physical contact aimed to injury or harm ( Nachreiner et al. ) . A menace occurred when person used words, gestures, or actions for freighting another one without trying injury or hurt ( Nachreiner et al. ) . Sexual torment occurred when 1 is a topic for any type of unwanted sexual behavior ( words or actions ) . ( Nachreiner et al. ) . Verbal maltreatment is naming another individual -must be associated with the name- with unfavorable words for the intent of aching & A ; emotionally wounding. Jenkins ( 1996 ) believes that even menace of physical force is considered physical force ( Jenkins, 1996 ) . WHO determined three types of violent Acts of the Apostless: physical, sexual, and psychological ( WHO, 2005, p.6 ) . Violence and aggression are two inte rconnected constructs extensively studied in nursing literature. Although, they are non the same, nursing literature widely used them interchangeably. In this paper, force and aggression will be used interchangeably. Epidemiology The hazard of being subjected to violence among wellness staff is 16 times higher than in other occupational groups in the service sector ( Kingma, 2001 ) . There is an intensifying dismaying tendency of all signifiers and types of force towards nurses in wellness attention scenes ( Whelan, 2008 ) . Nurses are at the highest rates of nonfatal workplace assault and violent victimization in all wellness attention scenes ( Lanza, Zeiaa, & A ; Rierdan, 2006 ) . There is a considerable difference in the prevalence and incidence of episodes of force in mental wellness scenes, depending on the states in which the surveies were carried out. A study of 4.826 nurses conducted by the American Nurses Association, 17 % reported that they have been physically assaulted, and 57 % reported that they had been abused in the last twelvemonth ( Peek-Asa, et al. , 2009 ) . Besides, merely 20 % reported that they felt safe in their current work environments. Psychiatric nurses are the highest topics of vi olent victimization rates of all types of nurses ( Islam, Edla, Mujuru, Doyle, & A ; Ducatman, 2003 ) . In an analysis of the consequences of the Assaulted Staff Action Programme ( ASAP ) that persists for 15 old ages ; 1.123 mental wellness nurses ( 69.58 % ) were victims of force by patients. They were the topics of physical ( 85.32 % ) , sexual ( 1.18 % ) , gestural bullying ( 1.67 % ) , and ( 6.01 % ) assaults. 46.34 % of injures were soft tissue contusions, 10.16 % were caput and dorsum hurts, 5.76 % were bone/tendon/ligament injures, 12.39 % were unfastened lesions, abrasions, or ptyalizing incidents, 1.8 % were abdominal lesions, and 18.65 % were psychological fear. 36.69 % were mild injures, 31.52 % were moderate, and 14.13 % serious and intense ( Flannery, Farley, Rego, & A ; Walker, 2007 ) . A study in psychiatric establishments in Switzerland reported that 70 % per centum of nurses reported being physically attacked at least one time in their calling ( Needham, et al. , 2 004 ) . A multiregional survey of nursing staff members from acute psychiatric scenes showed that 76 % of the participants reported that they were assaulted at least one time ( Peek-Asa, et al. , 2009 ) . In a survey in Iran, verbal maltreatment was experienced by 87.4 % of nurses during a 6-month period, and physical force by 27.6 % during the same period of clip ( Shogi, Sanjari, Shirazi, Heidari, Salemi, & A ; Mirzabeigi, 2008 ) . The most frequent and most terrible signifiers of verbal maltreatment reported were judging and knocking, impeaching and blaming, and opprobrious choler ( Kisa, 2008 ) . In one Arabic survey, a national cross sectional study was conducted in Kuwait to document the prevalence and determiners of force against nurses in health care installations. 48 % of nurses experient verbal force ; and 7 % merely experienced physical injury over the old six months ( Adib, Al-Shatti, Kamal, El-Gerges, & A ; Al-Raqem, 2002 ) . Another Arabic survey in Bahrain, Hamadeh and co-workers found the mean assault rate on nurses is 4.4 % . ( Hamadeh, Al Alaiwat, Al Ansari, 2003 ) . No similar surveies were conducted in Jordan. However, this high consequences may be an emergent index of the intensifying tendency in Jordan and other Arabic states because of their similar Arabic civilization to Kuwait and Bahrain. Epidemiologic surveies were recommended to carry on to find the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon in Jordanian wellness attention scenes and particularly in mental 1s. Despite the high prevalence of force Acts of the Apostless toward nurses, merely 20 % of violent incidents are reported by nurses. This is due to staff being accustomed to force ; peer force per unit area non to describe ; differential coverage based on gender of the victim, fright of incrimination ; inordinate paper work ; and incomplete or invalid information on studies completed by individuals non witness to the event ( Crilly, Chaboyer, & A ; Creedy, 2004 ) . This job should besides be addressed in future surveies to look into its causes and to work out it. The Victim Nurses are normally the topics of force victimization. However, Other mental wellness attention professionals such as doctors and physical therapists are besides at a considerable of violent Acts of the Apostless ( Stubbs & A ; Dickens, 2009 ) . This paper addressed nurses merely as topics of victimization from psychiatric and mentally sick patients. Psychiatric patients assaults on nurses victims are a world-wide occupational job. There is singular consistence in victim features over clip ( Flannery, Juliano, Cronin, & A ; Walker, 2006 ) . Work force nurses were exposed to more maltreatment than adult females ( Shagi, et al. , 2008 ) . However, there is an inconsistent determination in the literature placing whether males or females are more violence-prone ( Camerino, Estryn-Behar, Conway, Der Heijden, & A ; Hasselhorn, 2008 ) . The hazard of sing maltreatment was higher in nurses with more occupation experience or who worked more hours ( Shagi et al. ) . On the other manus, a longitudinal cohort survey showed that younger nurses with less occupation experiences are at increased hazard force ( Camerino et al. , 2008 ) . However, exposure to force was non significantly associated with age, gender, continuance of employment in nurses working in kid and adolescent psychiatric units ( Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, & A ; Scott, 2010 ) . Having a lower occupation rubric ( air or practical nurse ) , being in closer contact with patients, holding particular personality traits, utilizing drug or intoxicant, describing utmost weariness, may take to higher hazards for aggression and torment at the workplace ( Cooper & A ; Swanson, 2002 ) . Nachreiner et Al, agree with Copper & A ; Swanson on that LPNs an increased hazard for both physical assault and non-physical force compared to RNs ( Nachreiner et al, 2007 ) . Violent incidents are frequently related to the low consciousness of nurses about the equal curative communicating accomplishments in covering with patients ( Cooper & A ; Swanson, 2002 ) . Perceptions & A ; attitudes of nurses on patients ‘ violent incidents in psychiatric scenes are extensively studied in the literature. Psychiatric nurses attitudes are different across states ( Jansen, Middel, Dassen, & A ; Reijneveld, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to some nurses force is perceived as dysfunctional/undesirable. Whereas in others, force is perceived as a functional comprehensible phenomenon ( Abderhalden et al. , 2002 ) . 97 % of participants believed that covering with aggressive behavior was a portion of work in mental wellness inmate unit ( Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, & A ; Scott, 2010 ) . In the same survey, 69.7 % of participants believed that the current degree of physical aggression in the ward was unacceptable, whereas merely 12 % study that it was acceptable, and the others reported feelings of uncertainness ( Dean et al, 2010 ) . They rationalize that by recognize that staff with more positive attitudes exhibited lower province anxiousness. There are neg ative attitudes of nursing pupils ‘ to violent incidents, and these attitudes are deteriorated over clip ( Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, & A ; Carr-Walker, 2007 ) . The perceptual experience of aggression graduated table ( POAS ) is a freshly developed attitude stock list measuring nurses ‘ attitude toward aggressive patients ( Palmstierna & A ; Barredal, 2006 ) . Consequences of violent incidents on nurses were besides extensively investigated in the literature. Responses to violence encompassed three major classs associating to physical emotional and professional impact ( Dean, et al. , 2010 ) . They found that physical hurts divided to: direct hurts from the violent incidents, hurts while implementing restrictive intercessions, and physical symptoms such as concern and musculus tenseness ( Dean, et al. ) . Major physical hurts were on the caput, the bole, the upper and lower appendages ( Langsrud, Linakker, & A ; Morken, 2007 ) . Ongoing mental weariness, emphasis, daze, weakness, choler, exposure, feelings of being emotionally drained, dying, impaired slumber and concentration were all emotional responses of nurses as a consequence of being violent ( Dean, et al. ) . Nurses besides respond with the undermentioned emotions and behaviors: defeat, desperation, hopelessness, substance maltreatment, absenteeism, revenge and the development of à ¢â‚¬Å" I do non care † attitude ( Bimenyimana, Poggenpoel, Myburgh, & A ; Niekerk, 2009 ) . The consequences of verbal maltreatment or force by patients, frequently result in a terrible psychological impact in nurses ( Inoue, Tsukano, Muraoka, Kaneko, and Okamara, 2006 ) . The most common emotional reaction to force was anger, followed by shame, humiliation and defeat ( Kisa, 2008 ) . The Perpetrator Violence is common among persons come ining mental & A ; substance maltreatment words. Episodes of force on psychiatric wards have been extensively studied, with one of the chief purposes being to place who is more likely to be violent during hospitalization. However, it is hard to find that, because force is a complex behavior links with a assortment of biological, psychopathic, and societal factors. 15-years survey concludes that older male patients with schizophrenic disorder and younger personality-disordered patients are bad attackers ( Flannery, Juliano, Cronin & A ; Walker, 2006 ) . Antisocial personality upset poses a great hazard for force among adult females than work forces ( Yang & A ; Coid, 2007 ) . Anxiety upsets and any personality upset are more terrible among violent adult females ; alcohol dependance and risky imbibing are more terrible among violent work forces ( Yang & A ; Coid ) . In a recent literature, Cornaggia and co-workers found that the psychiatric diagnosing most often associated with aggressive behavior is paranoid schizophrenic disorder. As patients with paranoid schizophrenic disorder retain sufficient ability to program and commit Acts of the Apostless of force related to their psychotic beliefs ( Cornaggia, Beghi, Pavone, & A ; Barale, 2011 ) . Higher degrees of hostility-suspiciousness predict the deterioration of the form of force ( Amore et al. , 2008 ) . Persecutory psychotic beliefs appear to increase hazard of force in some patients ; accompaniment of persecutory psychotic beliefs and emotional hurt may increase the hazard of force ( Bjorkly, 2006 ) . Lower societal category of beginning, piquing behavior in the parental coevals loss of the male parent, a new partnership of the staying parent, turning up in blended households promoted the development of piquing behavior in general ( Stompe, et al. , 2006 ) . Past history of force toward others, & A ; substance maltreatment upsets are risk factors for future force ( Flannery, Julliano, Cronin, & A ; Walker ) . Past history remains the most consistent and stable forecaster of future force ( Amore et al. , 2008 ) . Dual diagnosed patients with substance maltreatment upsets and bipolar sample have more violent Acts of the Apostless ( Grunebaum, et al. , 2006 ) . Black and minority ethnic are more frequently perceived as potentially violent to others ( Vinkers, Vries, Van B aars, & A ; Mulder, 2009 ) . Internalizing symptoms and affectional responsiveness contributed to aggression badness more than impulsivity and demographics ( Kolko, Baumann, Bukstein, & A ; Brown, 2007 ) . Even the month of birth of patients is considered a hazard factor of violent behavior ( Cailhol, et al. , 2009 ) . Repeatedly violent patients had a higher length of residence, a higher figure of old violent behaviors ( Grassi, et al. , 2006 ) . A past history of head hurt with loss of consciousness was more frequent among persistently physically aggressive patients ( Amore, et al. , 2007 ) . Appraisal Many surveies besides discussed high hazard kids in the literature. Aggression appears associated with a broad assortment of normally psychiatric upsets in kids ( Connor & A ; McLaughlin, 2006 ) . Children of bipolar parents are at high hazard of ill will, aggression, force ( Farchione, et al. , 2007 ) . Adolescent behavior upset patients are more likelihood to be violent ( Ilomak, Viilo, Hakko, Marttunen, Makkikyro, & A ; Rasanen, 2006 ) . Children with larning disablements who had a comorbid psychopathology diagnoses reported a significantly higher sum of equal victimization than kids without a cormobid psychiatric disease ( Baumeister, Sterch, & A ; Geffken, 2007 ) . Many other consequences showed consequences opposed to what cognize. Foley and co-workers found that force at presentation with first-episode psychosis is non associated with continuance of untreated psychosis ( Foley, Browne, Clarke, Kinsella, Larkin, & A ; O`Callagham, 2007 ) . No significant grounds support the relation between penetration and force hazard ( Bjorkly, 2006 ) . The Scene The scene of force victimization against the psychiatric nurses by psychiatric and mentally sick patients is the psychiatric scenes. The construction of the scene can arouse the manifestation of force ( Steffgen, 2008 ) . Besides, environmental design have been demonstrated to discourage force ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Inadequate staffing degrees and deficiency of chances for clients to take part in therapy may arouse force behavior ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . The function of uncertainness refering occupation stableness represent a insouciant factor Besides, deficiency of occupation security may do violent behaviour The absence of societal support and colleagues increases the hazard of nurses in this scene to physical and verbal force ( Steffgen ) . The happening of workplace force may do harm to both the person and the establishments. Organizations may confront increased absenteeism, ill leave, belongings harm, decreased public presentation and productiveness, security costs, judicial proceeding , worker ‘s compensation, and increasing turnover rates ( Jackson, Clare, & A ; Mannix, 2002 ) . Prevention Previous nursing literature suggested a figure of schemes that can be considered by nurses to forestall force. There is limited research on effectual intercessions to forestall patient force ( Kling, Yassi, Smailes, Lovato, & A ; Koehoorn, 2010 ) . However, neglecting to accept and implement preventative steps in psychiatric scenes has an impact to cut down force in these scenes ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Improved coverage may be of large benefit of cut downing physical force ( Nolan & A ; Citrome, 2007 ) . This may be occur by early acknowledgment and intercession of potentially happening violent incidents in the hereafter. After carry oning the Violence Prevention Community Meeting ( VPCM ) , a important lessening in patients force were found across twenty-four hours, eventide and dark displacement for pre-treatment vs. intervention and pre-treatment vs. station intervention comparings. VPCM is a semi-structured protocol for the intent of force bar ( Lanza, Rierdan, Forester, & A ; Zeiss, 2009 ) . Early acknowledgment has strong practical deductions for psychiatric nurses by assisting them to help patients with the sensing of early warning marks. Early acknowledgment is pay particular attending to the early societal and interpersonal factors that may deteriorate the patient behavior to violent one ( Fluttert, Meijel, Webster, Nijman, Bartels, & A ; Grypdonck, 2008 ) . Steffgen identified many preventive steps of workplace force such as: steps refering the physical environment, measures refering the direction of the organisations and the behavior of the members in the organisations, policies, reding and developing steps ( Steffgen, 2008 ) . A 6-module plan have been shown to be effectual in cut downing and forestalling violent incidents in a 6-months rating period. The 6 faculties were approximately force hazard appraisal, theoretical theoretical accounts of force, self-asserting preparation, ethical & A ; legal issues of force direction ( Anderson, 2006 ) . Dubin et al identified six gilded recommendations to forestall force incidents in psychiatric exigencies. First, all freshly admitted patients should be assessed for hazard of force ; those who have risk factors should be continually assessed. Second, nurses should avoid measuring and/or handling patients at hazard for force alone or in an stray office. Third, nurses must retrieve that patient ‘s force is a response to feelings of weakness, passiveness, and perceived or existent humiliation ; therefore nurses should avoid going verbally or physically towards them. Fourth, nurses are supposed to utilize non-coercive methods such as de-escalation to forestall escalation of patients ‘ aggression. Fifth, bound scene should ever offer the patient two options with one option being the preferable option. Sixth, an armed patient should non be threatened and the clinician should react in a non-threatening mode offering aid and apprehension. Finally, rating of environment safety sh ould happen sporadically and alterations should be implemented that will heighten safety ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William, 2009 ) . Appraisal The first measure in mental nursing procedure and one of the most of import responsibilities in psychiatric scenes is assessment. Psychiatric nurses are faced with a great figure of state of affairss in which hazard appraisal are needed. Risk appraisal is a procedure concerned with a assortment of issues aa‚ ¬ † hazard for what, when, where, and to whom-not merely the were â€Å" Prediction † of future force ( Haggard-Grann, 2007 ) . Predicting force has been compared to calculating the conditions. Like a good conditions predictor, the nurse does non province with certainty that an event will happen. Alternatively, he/she estimates the likeliness that a future event will happen. Like conditions prediction, anticipations of future force will non ever be right ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . Three major types of force hazard appraisal are extensively reviewed in the literature. The three types are: ( 1 ) Clinical force hazard appraisal, ( 2 ) Structural hazard appr aisal tools, ( 3 ) Functional appraisal. The figure of hazard appraisal instruments has increased in the recent old ages ( Haggard-Grann ) . Risk appraisal tools should include situational facets, behavioral forms, and predicted events or stressors ( Haggard-Grann ) . The first measure when finding which instrument to utilize for a specific hazard appraisal is to find the intent and context for which the instrument is needed ( Haggard-Grann ) . Decision should be made sing whether the appraisal is for the first clip ( to divide the extremely hazard patients from others ) or for uninterrupted on-going appraisal ( Haggard-Grann ) . If adopted in clinical pattern with a professional manner, these instruments will so help in the appraisal and early acknowledgment of violent incidents. However, they are ineluctable portion in the clinical pattern in psychiatric scenes. ( Haggard-Grann ) . Awareness of the bounds and abilities of such instruments is required. Lurigio and Harris underscored the importance of executing more accurat e appraisal tools that can for illustration determine the approaching type of force, or the likeliness of arms use ( Lurigio & A ; Harris, 2009 ) . A hazard appraisal tool chiefly contains two types of factors: inactive and dynamic. Dynamic factors are of a great importance in a determination context whereas inactive factors are at less importance. Dynamic factors should be assessed on a regular basis in a structured clip agenda ( ex. every 1 hour ) . ( Haggard-Grann ) . Inactive variables are based on intrapersonal factors ( ex. , personal & A ; biological features ) that served as hazards factors for a patient to be potentially violent in the hereafter. ( Haggad-Grann ) . Many violent hazard appraisal tools were developed for the purpose to measure the violent incidents in psychiatric scenes. Sexual Aggression graduated table is an effectual appraisal tool to enter consistently the happening of sexually aggressive behaviors for patients who reside in psychiatric infirmaries. ( Jones, Sheitman, Hazelrigg, Camel, Williams, & A ; Paesler, 2007 ) . It is a brief scale consists of 4 bombers graduated tables with a brief description of them. The Alert System is a system includes a hazard appraisal signifier used by nursing staff to buttocks patients upon admittance to the psychiatric scene in order to place these at an increased hazard of force ( Kling, et Al. , 2010 ) . If identified as at hazard for force, a flag is placed on the patient ‘s chart and wristband to incorporate staff of a patient ‘s potency for force ( Kling et Al ) . The warning is intended to let workers to take safeguards to forestall violent incidents in flagged patients. These safeguards may include: have oning a personal dismay, being near a security personals, non holding crisp objects in the patient ‘s room, and non come ining the patient ‘s room entirely ( Kling et Al ) . Study consequences indicate that the Alert System is effectual in placing potentially violent patients. However, the ultimate end of implementing the Alert System is to cut down the hazard of violent incidents ( Kling et Al ) . Hazard for in-patient force in acute psychiatric intensive unit can be a high grade be predicted by nurses utilizing the Broset force checklist ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna, 2006 ) . The BVC is a method to foretell hazard for force from patients within the coming 24 hour in acute psychiatric inmate scenes ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . BVC is used to measure the patient three times day-to-day: in the forenoon, midday, and dark displacements ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . The BVC buttocks absence or presence of six behaviors: confusion, boisterousness, crossness, verbally, endangering, physically endangering and assailing object ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . The HCR-20 is a structured professional checklist designed for the appraisal of hazard hereafter force in patients with violent history / or a major mental upset or personality upsets. ( De Vogel & A ; De Ruter, 2006 ) . The HCR-20 consists of 20 points, divided into three subscales: historical graduated table, clinical graduated table, and hazard direction graduated table. The prognostic cogency of the HCR-20 was good ( De Vogel & A ; De Ruiter ) . The Forensic Early Warning Signs of Aggression Inventory ( FESA ) was developed to help nurses and patients in placing and supervising early warning marks of aggression in forensic patients ( Fluttert, Meijel, Leeuwen, Bjorkly, Nijman, & A ; Grypdonck, 2011 ) . The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire contains 56-items step a figure of knowledge ( including: beliefs, regulations, deformations and ascriptions ) that are related to force ( Warnock-Parkes, Gudjonsson, & A ; Walker, 2007 ) . The Psychopathy Checklist ( PCL ) is a clinical evaluation graduated table designed to mensurate psychopathologic properties in mentally sick patients, Patients who score higher have higher rates of violent recidivism ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . The PCL uses a semi-structured interview, case-history information, and specific standards to rate each of 20 points on a three- point graduated table ( 0, 1, 2 ) . ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Entire tonss ( runing from 0 to 40 ) reflect an estimation of the grade to which the patient lucifers psychopathy ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide ( VRAG ) is a hazard appraisal instrument of 12 points. It is likely the most well-known assessment instrument aimed to measure dangerousness in bad mentally sick patients. It is used to measure the force hazard in psychiatric and other wellness scenes ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . It is constructed by taking variables known to foretell violent behavior among work forces with mental upsets who have records of old violent behavior so sum uping the variables into one strategy ( Haggard-Grann, 2007 ) . Synergistic Classification Tree is a recent tool for measuring the force hazard of patients discharged from psychiatric installations ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . This tool utilizes a sequence of inquiries related to hazard factors for possible force ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Harmonizing to the replies, another related inquiry is posed, until the platinum is classified into a class of high or low hazard of future force ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Structured hazard appraisal tools have built-in restriction when used entirely. Criticisms of instruments include the undermentioned: they provide lone estimates of hazards ; their usage is non generalizable beyond the studied populations: they are stiff, and they fail to inform force bar & A ; hazard direction ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . Functional appraisal attacks seek to clear up the factors responsible for the development, look and care of job behavior. This is achieved through appraisal of the behavior of involvement, the person ‘s predisposing features, and the antecedent events, considered of import for the induction of the behavior, and the effects of the behavior, which maintain and direct its developmental class ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff, 2007 ) . They identify 9 common maps of violent behavior in psychiatric scenes in the literature: demand turning away, to coerce conformity, to show choler, to cut down tenseness, to obtain tangibles, societal distance decrease ( attending seeking ) , to heighten position or societal blessing, conformity with direction, to detect agony ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff ) . Functional appraisal have many deductions for the anticipation and bar of inpatient force and for the intervention of violent patients. The differentiation of functional appraisal attacks and structured appraisal tools is that the first stress the right categorization of the signifier of a peculiar behavior and the other one emphasize the intent of the behavior ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff ) . The clinical hazard appraisal method is the oldest method of force hazard appraisal. It is the classical method of anticipating, foretelling, and assessing of hazard. This means that the nurse gathers the information that he or she believes to be utile and on the footing of that information makes a judgement of the hazard ( Haggad-Grann, 2007 ) . Unfortunately, this method can non foretell future force with high truth. The truth of a clinician ‘s appraisal of future force is related to many factors, including the fortunes of the rating and the length of clip over which force is predicted ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . It is the most common method of measuring force hazard in psychiatric scenes in Jordan although it is non used so much over the universe. Management Many direction methods of force were reported in the literature. Three major direction methods were extensively reviewed in the literature: ( 1 ) Training programmes, ( 2 ) Coercive methods, and ( 3 ) De-escalation techniques. Nurses believed that preparation in breaking away techniques, increasing the figure of trained security officers on responsibility, publishing personal dismaies, and encouraging staff to officially describe all incidents, are the best ways to pull off force in psychiatric scenes ( Erkol, Gokdogan, Erkol, & A ; Boz, 2007 ) . Previous researches suggest that staff attitudes to patient force affect usage, or pick of method ( Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, & A ; Carr-Walker, 2007 ) . It is of import that nurses have the cognition and accomplishments to be able to pull off force suitably. Many different developing programmes have been discussed in the literature. There is much variableness among surveies on the types and effectivity of preparation, and there is no unequivocal grounds that developing cut down hurt among wellness attention workers ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Good communicating among nursing staff, and between staff and clients, is critical to better the direction of aggressive behavior ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Chandler- Oatts and Nestrop recommend listening to the voices of mental wellness service users to develop guideline recommendations on pull offing violent behaviors ( Chandler-Oatts & A ; Nestrop, 2008 ) . Anger direction programmes were effectual to advance anger look and direction in psychiatric patients ( Son & A ; Choi, 2010 ) . Aggression Control Therapy ( ACT ) , a intervention programme developed in the Netherlands for violent psychiatric patients with behavior upsets or antisocial personality upset. Consequences suggested that ACT diminished aggressive behavior ( Hornsveld, Nijman, & A ; Kraaimaat, 2008 ) . Firearm hurt bar preparation should be proposed in order to assist bar piece self-destructions and homicides among the mentally sick ( Khubchandani, Wiblishauser, Price, & A ; Thompson, 2010 ) . Training in the acknowledgment and direction of violent and aggressive behavior would be a good add-on to the course of study of nursing programmes ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens, 2009 ) . Aggression direction preparation is able to better nursing pupil ‘s public presentation in de-escalating aggressive behavior ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens ) . Giving nursing pupil ‘s cognition about force and related subjects and developing them on physical and verbal accomplishments lead to extremely important enhanced assurance in pull offing force ( Nau, Dassen, Halfens, & A ; Needham, 2007 ) . De-escalation is a bar of extremely aroused patients from going violent by agencies of verbal and gestural communicating ( Paterson, Turnbull, & A ; Aitken, 1992 ) . Nurses need to cognize how to de-escalate the state of affairss of force. The De-escalating Aggressive Behaviour Scale ( DABS ) can observe alterations in de-escalation public presentation degrees ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens, 2009 ) . De-escalation involves a figure of different techniques. Affect direction for illustration involves three basic stairss: foremost, admiting the patient ‘s affect ; secondly, formalizing the affect when appropriate ; and eventually, promoting the patient to speak about his or her feelings. ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William, 2009 ) . Active listening techniques such as paraphrasing are used in de-escalation to assist clinician convey apprehension of patient ‘s experience ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William ) . Massage therapy has immediate good effects on anx iousness related steps and may be a utile de-escalating tool for cut downing emphasis, anxiousness and possible force in acutely hospitalized psychiatric patients ( Garner, et al. , 2008 ) . Comfort suites are suites constructed in acute psychiatric units. They designed with comfy furniture, comforting colorss, soft lightening, and quiet music to assist cut down patient`s degrees of emphasis ( Cummings, Grandfield, & A ; Coldwell, 2010 ) . Coercive methods include mainly privacy and restraints. Restraints are any manual method, physical or mechanical device, stuff, or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to travel his or her weaponries, legs, organic structure, or caput freely ; or a drug or medicine ( Paterson, Turnbull, & A ; Aitken, 1992 ) . There was greater blessing of coercive methods in direction of force by male nurses than female nurses. Male nurses are more likely to see containment methods acceptable and dignified ( Muir-Cochrane, Bowers, & A ; Jeffery, 2008 ) . Greater consideration should be given to cultural and gender issues in restraint incidents ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Training in restraint techniques and how to avoid the usage of restraint is indispensable in nursing pattern ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . However, Bjorkdahl and co-workers found an increased rate of coercive intercessions without a corresponding addition in staff hurts after a 2 twelvemonth force bar intercession a psychiatric intensive attention unit. The intercession aimed to better nursing attention by turn toing patient force from multiple positions ( Bjorkdahl, Heilig, Palmstierna, & A ; Hansebo, 2007 ) . Privacy is defined as physical parturiency of a patient entirely in a room for the protection of others from serious injury ( Davison, 2005 ) . Privacy is used as a regular footing in response to a scope of different signifiers of violent behavior of different signifiers ( Thomas, Daffern, Martin, Ogloff, Thomson, & A ; Ferguson, 2009 ) . Privacy is considered a curative step for nurses working in psychiatric scenes ( Larue, Dumais, Ahern, Bernheim, & A ; Mailhot, 2009 ) . However, Davison asserts that privacy must ne'er used as a portion of a intervention program of violent patients, and it must utilize merely as a last resort ( Davison ) . If de-escalation techniques are failed, the violent patient may necessitate to be placed in privacy ( Dickinson, Ramsdale, & A ; Speight, 2009 ) . Many jobs may ensue from utilizing coercive methods such as act uponing patients` determination to seek out professional mental wellness services. ( Prospero & A ; Kim, 2009 ) . Besides, they suggest that coercion has a differential negative consequence on victims from minority groups. ( Prospero & A ; Kim ) . Furthermore, memories of violent events, including childhood maltreatment and colza, were reawakened by their experiences of restraints and privacy ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Recommendations The followerss are recommendations for pattern, research, and policy have been established from the literature: Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses must be cognizant of the being of violent behaviors against them in their clinical scenes. They have to cognize that this behavior is ineluctable portion in their work. So, they have to be well-prepared to cover with such state of affairss. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses must be cognizant of the differences of many types and signifiers of violent Acts of the Apostless. Besides, future nursing surveies should distinguish between these types and signifiers. Nurses must be cognizant of the intensifying tendency of violent behaviors in their clinical scenes. Surveies and epidemiological surveies should carry on on Jordan to find the prevalence of this job in Jordanian wellness attention scenes. High hazardous nurses of patients ‘ force should place themselves harmonizing to the literature. If they are known to be hazardous, particular considerations should be taken by them and their establishments where they are work to guarantee the optimum safety of them. Negative, false perceptual experiences and attitudes of nurses to violent patients and violent incidents should be addressed with more inside informations in the nursing literature. The job of countertransference should be addressed by developing programmes or awareness Sessionss conducted by the establishments in the attempt to extinguish these negative feelings and attitudes or at least cut down it. Lending factors of nurses ‘ perceptual experiences and attitudes should besides be considered by farther surveies. Negative effects of violent incidents on nurses should besides be addressed and studied more in nursing literature. Although, it is extensively investigated in the literature, the literature did non suggest assuring methods to cut down theses negative effects. Undergraduate and alumnus nursing pupils ‘ exposure to force in their clinical preparation should be discussed in more inside informations in future nursing literature. Their perceptual experiences, attitudes, feelings, and emotions towards violent experiences should be investigated more. Health establishment should develop policies, addition available nursing staff, addition security forces to guarantee the optimal safety for nursing pupil trainee. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses should place and acknowledge the high hazardous culprits ( patients ) harmonizing to the literature. For that cause, they should be updated with the latest findings in this field. Nurses should non besides neglect the interpersonal and environmental factors for triping the violent incidents. Violent kids and repeatedly violent patients are two particular populations should be paid more attending from the nursing literature. Nursing literature should turn to specific intercessions force in these two particular populations. Underreporting of force in psychiatric scenes is a major job. Nurses should be encouraged to describe incidents of force. High hazardous establishments and scenes have to be cognizant of the intensifying tendency of violent Acts of the Apostless. They have to be well-prepared for this. They should follow policies, developing programmes for their staff, and other suited step to confront this challenging job. An ounce of bar is worth a lb of attention. This adage besides applicable in the force. So, establishments should follow a successful bar steps to forestall this malignancy to travel frontward. Nurses should follow an attack incorporating the three major types of appraisal in their appraisal procedure. Clinical hazard appraisal, structured hazard appraisal tools, and fictional appraisal. Such an attack, may cover shortages in any individual method of appraisal. Structured hazard appraisal tools should be carefully and sagely. Nurses should be cognizant the bounds and abilities of such instruments to take the best on the footing of context. Psychiatric wellness attention establishments should develop its nursing staff on de-escalation techniques, breakaway techniques, and coercive methods. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses should utilize the least restricts method when covering with violent patients. Further surveies should be conducted to suggest more successful de-escalation techniques and to happen new options of coercive methods. Decision The lifting rate of force against nurses in wellness attention scenes in Jordan motives the writer to compose this commentary paper. The purpose of this paper is to supply a general apprehension of the whole image of force against nurses in psychiatric scenes. First, methods of seeking the literature were described. Then, Definitions of many types and signifiers of force were provided. Besides, related constructs were described and differentiated from the construct â€Å" force † . However, â€Å" force † and â€Å" aggression † are two footings used interchangeably in this paper. Recent epidemiology surveies were reviewed to reflect on the high incidence and prevalence of force in psychiatric scenes over the universe. The paper design compared the â€Å" force † with the â€Å" offense † . The culprit of this offense is the psychiatric or mentally sick patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental wellness nurse. The scene where the offense occurred is the psychiatric scene. This paper identified who is more likely to be the victim of violent Acts of the Apostless in psychiatric scenes, perceptual experiences and attitudes of nurses on patients ‘ violent incidents, and effects of such incidents on the nurses. This paper besides identified who is more likely to be the culprit of violent Acts of the Apostless harmonizing to the literature. Repeatedly violent patients and high hazard kids were besides included. The high hazard psychiatric scenes were described as the sludge of violent incidents. Prevention of violent incidents by many new methods was besides addressed. Appraisal of violent incidents is besides addressed in its three major types: the clinical hazard appraisal, the structured hazard appraisal tools, and the functional appraisal. Most well-known structured hazard appraisal tools were besides overviewed. Finally, direction of force incidents one time occurred is besides reviewed. Three major direction methods were included: ( 1 ) Training plans, ( 2 ) Coercive methods: privacy and restraints, and ( 3 ) De-escalation techniques.

Teacher’s Pay for Performance

Should Teacher’s Salaries Be Based on Student’s Academic Performance? Is a student’s failure in a class an indication that a teacher or professor did not adequately perform his or her job? There are two points of view on this issue. Many will argue that teachers should be paid on a merit system, or Pay for Performance system. There are some that believe that there are too many external factors in a class room for a teacher’s salary to be based on how he or she performs in the class room.Teacher’s pay for performance will be highlighted by first discussing what is pay for performance, next, detailing the definition of teaching, and finally, exploring the question of should teacher’s salaries be based on a student’s academic performance. Pay for performance is essentially when an employee is allowed to be partly responsible for his or her pay increase. A company will set goals as well as allow the employee to set his or her own goals and if the employee meets those goals, he or she will get a raise.These raises are based on levels of performance ranging from one to five. A level of one means that an employee failed to meet his or her expectations. A level of two means that an employee needs improvements in some areas. A of three means that an employee met his or her expectations. A level of four means that an employee exceeded his or her expectations. A level of five means that the employee far exceeded his or her expectations or as some managers imply, he or she is a â€Å"super employee†.Pay for performance is designed to inspire employees to work harder so they can obtain higher raises and bonuses if they reach a certain level. Employees may also be motivated to perform better the next year. The question remains, should teachers be on this type of merit system? Teaching is conveying knowledge in formal learning institutions, whether it is a school, K-12, or a university or college. Teachers have a major i nfluence on a student’s life. They plant seeds of knowledge that continue to grow with a student.They support, empower, engage and care for their students. Today, most teachers are paid based on their seniority or academic degrees. Perhaps they should be paid based on their level of accomplishment and responsibility. Teacher evaluations should be based partly on student achievement data and their raises should be based on student’s academic performance. If teachers were paid based on student’s academic achievements, they would put forth more effort to provide a higher quality of teaching.Competition would be raised among teachers and a possibility of higher salaries would encourage them to perform better. If teachers were paid for their performance it might also differentiate teachers who care about their student’s performance from those who only want to collect a paycheck. On the other side of the coin, there are also reasons why a teacher’s salar y should not be based on student’s academic performance. The first being that there is a lack of standard academic performance tests, which means there is no measurement criteria.There is the possibility that some teachers might give students higher grades to benefit their salaries. The strongest argument against teacher pay for performance would be that all students do not have the same level of intelligence, commitment, or determination. It may not be fair to hold a teacher responsible for a student that cannot learn or do not want to learn. Given the scenario that a teacher’s pay increases would be based on student’s academic performance, their levels of performance could range from one to five also.A level five would indicate that all students have passed the class with a grade of B or better and performed well on a standardized test. A level four would indicate that all students passed the class with a grade of C or better. A level three would indicate that 80 percent of the students passed the class. A level two would indicate that at least 50 percent of the students passed the class. A level one would indicate that only 20 percent of the students passed the class or a student has failed the class more than once under the same teacher.Teachers that perform at level one should not receive pay increases. A performance level of three or above should receive salary increases. An example of a level one performance would be if a student failed the same class two or more times or if only four out of twenty students passed a class, then that teacher or professor obviously has not imparted the knowledge to their students that they set out to convey. An example of a level three teacher’s performance would be if his or her students continuously increase their academic performance or pass standardize tests.In conclusion, I assert that teacher’s salaries should be based on their student’s academic performances. If teachers hi t their levels, they should receive higher raises. It they fail their students, their salary should not increase. There are a lot of educators that would disagree with this assertion; however, given the state of our education system, a change needs to be put in place. If teachers are required to perform better and are paid better based on their performance, then students will perform better.

Organizational Behavior and the Individual Essay - 2

Organizational Behavior and the Individual - Essay Example In addition, experts have indicated that in midst of globalization; organizations are now dealing with people from different cultural and social backgrounds that have resulted in increment in the significance of organizational behavioral study (McShane & Glinow, 2010). Moreover, readings have indicated that there seems an on-going change and transformation in the trends of organizational behavior in the organizations due to a number of factors, such as workforce diversity, internet workplaces, employee relations, etc. In order to understand the significance of organizational behavior, this paper will focus on the Wal-Mart. In the Wal-Mart, major responsibility of work is on the managers that put efforts to carry out work efficiently. In addition, the company has taken care of employees, as well as the customers by the establishing the MARS model that focuses primarily on four factors of motivation, ability, role perception, and situational factors. In this regard, it is very imperative for every manager in the Wal-Mart to understand the MARS model. For instance, one of the most common factors is motivational factor that managers use at the Wal-Mart to influence their employees. According to David Bourassa (2010), a number of theories, such as Motivation theory have also indicated the importance of motivation theory in influencing the employees. In addition, Maslow’s hierarchy is another imperative example of the impact of organizational behavior in the different business processes. For instance, Maslow’s levels are as follows: Experts have discussed that application of abovementioned levels of Maslow can play a vital role in improving the performance of organizations, especially in the customer service department. Besides motivation, ability is another important factor in the MARS model, which indicates the recognition of abilities of every individual by himself in the organization that is very important for

Colgate-Palmolive Co (CL) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Colgate-Palmolive Co (CL) - Assignment Example Some of the famous brands that the company owns include Colgate, Palmolive, Irish Spring, Ajax, Speed Stick, Suavitel, and Fabuloso. The financial statements of the company with a trend analysis for the last three years are illustrated below. The net margin of Colgate-Palmolive in 2012 was 14.47%. A net margin measures the profitability of a company. The debt ratio of the firm was 0.79. This metric measures the solvency of the company. The current ratio shows the ability of a company to pay off its short term debt. Colgate-Palmolive’s current ratio of 1.22 is acceptable due to the fact that is above one. The firm’s working capital was $820 million. Working capital measures the ability of a company of paying its short term debt solely using its current assets. The asset/sales ratio of the firm in 2012 was 81.91%. In 2012 the EPS of the company was $5.19. The return on assets and return on equity of Colgate-Palmolive in 2012 were 17.66% and 103.43% respectively. The table below shows a comparison of five financial ratios of Colgate-Palmolive versus the industry. The net margin of the company is much better than the industry standard which is a desirable outcome. The firm’s debt ratio shows that the company has a bit more debt than the industry standard. The liquidity position of the company as reflected by its current ratio is below the norm. The efficiency ratio of assets/sales reflects that the company is doing better than the industry. Information regarding the market value ratio of the industry was not readily

Corporate covernance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate covernance - Essay Example Whs intrsts thy srv th ffct thy hv n wlth crtin nd risktking nd th frms f ccuntbility thy mbdy r vitl t th functining f th cnmic nd pliticl systm. Crprt gvrnnc mchnisms r criticl fctr in issus rnging frm th lvl f businss invstmnt t mplymnt nd cmmunity stbility nd th distributin f th fruits f cnmic grwth. Dspit this prvsiv rl in structuring bth cnmic prfrmnc nd civil scity qustins f crprt gvrnnc rmin pliticl sidshw flickring n t th public stg nly in rspns t vry prticulr (thugh imprtnt) vnts such s ppulr cncrn vr lvls f xcutiv rmunrtin r th bcklsh ginst th cnsquncs f unchckd mngmnt filur r finncil imprprity. Indd it is ths fctrs tht hv spurrd th rcnt rrivl f crprt gvrnnc n th UK's pliticl mp. (Wring 2005:65-78) Discussin Th Cdbury Cmmitt ws crtd in 1991 in rspns t th Mxwll scndl nd th cllps f Plly Pck nd thr prminnt businsss. Th Grnbury Cmmitt mrgd in 1995 s rctin t th pliticl furr surrunding xcutiv rmunrtin prticulrly in th rcntly privtisd utilitis. Th Hmpl Cmmitt in its rprt publishd in 1998 st ut t rviw nd updt th cds prducd by ths rlir bdis. 4 cnslidtin f th wrk f ll thr cmmitts nw pprs s th Cmbind Cd. 3ll f th rprts f ths cmmitts hv shrd similr st f ssumptins but bth th ntur f crprt gvrnnc nd th mns thrugh which it shuld b rfrmd.

Learning many languages in the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Learning many languages in the future - Essay Example It is significant to point out where the problem lies in the language acquisition domains. The concern with people around the world is that they do not let their children learn many languages as they have distinctive dispositions and viewpoints. It is a problem because the parents do not realize that if they disallow their young ones from learning new languages, they are in essence asking them not to move ahead in life – both personally as well as professionally. There is an ignorant vibe that can be collected from the domains of the parents as they intend to upgrade the lives of their children. However what they seem to forget is the fact that these children have to see the new age which these parents might not be able to make it through. Since the children will be alive even after the parents have long gone by from this world, they need to set up a proper basis for their growth and development. This can be done when they allow their children to learn new languages and unders tand for their own selves how they will view life their own way. What is even more surprising is the fact that the parents have earmarked certain languages for their children and would forbid them to learn others. This is a negative approach as has been comprehended with the passage of time. The parents are perhaps feeling that their children are overburdened with studies already and if they try their hand at learning a new language, they will have an even harder time. What they seem to forget is the fact that the parents have a definite role under such scenarios. They need to make efforts to settle the difficulties once and for all. Learning new languages is not a negative aspect; rather it should be seen in a positive way. If they learn new languages, they will be at a benefit as compared to the people who do not have any know-how regarding a specific dictum. The most basic problem is that the parents do not understand the very problem. If realization of the problem is done, perha ps many things can be handled in an amicable fashion but unfortunately this is not the case. As (Paton 2012) depicts, â€Å"The number of schoolchildren shunning the subjects between the age of 14 and 16 has more than doubled since the late 90s, it was revealed.† In this day and age, learning new languages ensure that the children stay one step ahead of many of their colleagues and have an advantage over others when it comes to their professional domains and settings. Hence only when the problem is identified, can there be a solution found for it. Sadly and quite rightly so, the parents are unwary of the fact that their young ones are feeling left behind in this global rat race to reach the top and learning new languages can benefit them like none other. Also, (Paton 2012) believes that â€Å"The drop has been particularly marked in French and German – traditionally the two most popular languages at school – with both being named among the fastest declining sub jects at GCSE level last summer.† In essence, the cause of the problem revolves around the fact that parents have a non-serious role within such matters. They are the ones who would not let their young ones learn a new language merely because they would feel that by learning a new language, their children will be burdened immensely. Also the reason for this lies in the

Spotify TM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Spotify TM - Essay Example The report bases its arguments on research information from various sources. Moreover, the report provides various recommendations about the topic. These recommendations are relevant to any company that considers information systems significant in their operations. Introduction Spotify TM is a music service company that streams music to its customers through desktop and mobile phone. The company has a vast database with millions of songs that millions of subscribers can listen to from the internet. Currently, the company has more than 20 million users. Its services are mostly available to European countries (Li, Peters, Richardson & Weidenmier, 2012). It has been able to maintain its market in the competitive music business due to its competitive nature. The company also uses strategic measures that have been able to keep the company running. Its key technique has been the use of information systems that are strong enough to sustain the business plan of the corporation. This report f ormulates and evaluates the company’s strategy and frameworks in maintaining their business. It also discusses theoretical perspectives on how the company uses technology to build a competitive advantage for its sustainability. Moreover, the report also provides recommendations that the company can adopt to enhance its business. The company allows one to buy a spotify software program that users can use to stream music from a huge collection of music, and tracks (Lashley, & Clark 2013). Users stream this music using their computers, mobile phones, and tablets. The need exists for one to download the music he listens to, but only entails streaming the music. SPOTIFY TM All companies have business strategies of which state their goals. Business strategies state methods through which they will be able to attain the set goals. Spotify TM has been able to implement various models by Michael Porter in achieving its goals. Spotify TM uses information systems to its advantage in usin g the five forces model. For instance, the company’s uses an interactive website that provides easy navigation by a subscriber on the internet (Rice, 2010). The website arranges its content in a good way that makes the content well visible. The font that the website uses is attractive and makes it easy for a subscriber to view things clearly. Therefore, subscribers become loyal as the company provides better services to its customers. This aspect has been able to create a barrier to new companies from entering into the market (Jenkins, Leicht & Jaynes, 2008). In addition, users can browse music by record label, album, genre, playlist, artists, and through direct searches. With a better website that provides quick services to its customers, the company has been able to lower its charges to its subscribers. It also provides a free six-month trial period once one creates an account. This is due to the increase of subscribers to the company’s services. This creates a buyer power that helps the company to maintain its companies. There are also wide alternatives that customers can choose from in their subscription plans. Hence, the company has a wide range of customers that can subscribe to its services. The company allows one to listen to an unlimited number of music that supports radio-style advertising that the company removes once one subscribes fully.

Company Budgeting System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Company Budgeting System - Essay Example This section will describe the general steps that a company takes in its process of budget formulation. After that a brief description of the modern techniques of budgeting will be made with the intention that the concept of budgeting system can be understood more clearly. With a clear picture of the system of budgeting, it will now be helpful to discuss certain roles that budgeting plays within an organization. Thus, roles of budgeting as an instrument for planning and control have been depicted in the next section. The research paper then takes a move towards the practicalities of implementation of budgeting system in the real world by examining its scope in PepsiCo. In this section, the system that PepsiCo follows has been analyzed critically by taking data from the official site of the company. The annual report has been taken care of and also the financial result of third quarter of 2010 has been considered in order to evaluate the efficiencies of its budgeting system. The resea rch paper concludes with a few recommendations for the improvement of budgeting system in PepsiCo. The recommendations are made on the basis of investigation of the current scenario of the company and also on the basis of the certain general traits that a company requires to follow with regard to its budgeting system. The research paper has been prepared to analyze the budgeting system with respect to a company. The budgeting system of the company which will be analyzed in this research paper is PepsiCo. Inc. PepsiCo is one of the world’s biggest producers of foods, snacks and beverages. It has revenue earnings of over $60 billion and has 2, 85, 000 employees. The company was founded by Donald M. Kendall, CEO and President of Pepsi-Cola and Herman W. Lay, CEO and Chairman of Frito-Lay. The company was the creation of the merger of the two companies. The company has grown largely over the

Hanson was hailed as an example of how the effective use of management Essay - 1

Hanson was hailed as an example of how the effective use of management resources can lead to success. Explain the growth of Hanson highlighting both internal an - Essay Example and as a result gain above average earnings and returns, this strategy states that the firm has to first identify the potential resources that will lead to growth, the next step is to evaluate these resources on whether they are valuable, rare, the ability to control these resources and whether the resources can gain value in the future. According to this strategy the firm will select an attractive industry to invest where the firm will have the opportunity to fully exploit its resources. The firm will also have to be capable of integrating their resource to perform tasks which will help the firm gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Chandler (1960) introduced the strategy and structure theory which stated that organisations were the agents of the industry, for this reason therefore the organisations determined industrial transformation, according to this theory the market mechanism is replaced by the enterprises which allocate resources and coordinate activities, in his view the invisible hand in the market is replaced by the visible hand of management. This strategy also states that the organisation moves from an unmanaged form of organisation to a managed form of organisation and for this reason management becomes a source of power to the organisation because management ensures continuous growth. Hanson stated that his management skills could be applied to any industry in the economy, his growth strategy was based on a number of objectives and strategy which can be referred to as conglomerate strategy, he chose companies were located in the US or in the UK. After acquiring these companies Hanson would reorganise the company to achieve high levels of earnings and the company would gain value, after the organisation gained value he would sell the company at a higher price than he acquired it. When the company was acquired he would undertake strategies that would oversee the growth of the organisation, the growth of the organisation was made possible by

Rene Descartes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rene Descartes - Assignment Example The skeptical method as conceptualized by Descartes is a definite criteria or procedure through which truth can be found (Descartes 148). It abhors and condemns the tendency to merely believe things without any doubt faulting as a flawed method of digging into reality. Skeptical method involves unveiling the truth by first disbelieving and, thereafter, soberly researching and rationalizing them. The weight of thorough reasoning and evaluation on the skeptically pre-perceived objects and events determines the accuracy of the results. Descartes’ argument about truth finding through skeptical method is undoubtedly genuine and accurate as people who do not doubt end up believing without thorough consideration. Doubt breeds research and further evaluation. His definition of human beings as thinking beings is as well true since what differentiates humans from other animals is the thinking capacity (Descartes 154). If it is the physical body, even some animals would be much better than us. This is why if a person behaves in abnormal manner, this can be termed as inhuman as humans act on the basis of reasoning. The argument is, therefore,

Learning Skills Improvement Service Essay Example for Free

Learning Skills Improvement Service Essay In my position as a workshop trainer at Deerbolt young offenders’ institute, the education I deliver for The Manchester College as part of their Offender Learning is supported, monitored and shaped by various professional bodies. The purpose of these bodies or sector skills councils vary however they all have a common goal in ensuring and enriching the quality of education being delivered. LSIS or the learning and skills improvement service are such a body who umbrella over every organisation that delivers qualifications throughout the country, and they do exactly what they say on the tin. LSIS improve quality, participation and increase standards in education and training. A lot of their work involves developing resources, implementing schemes, sharing delivery aids that improve quality and achievement and tailoring support to learners needs. â€Å"Colleges and providers helped by LSIS improved by one inspection grade at their next inspection.† (LSIS [ND] [online]) LSIS don’t just support the educational improvements though; in 2010 they recognised The Manchester College as a Healthy FE college, healthy initiatives offered throughout the college like loyalty cards, gym memberships and better eating schemes aimed to improve the health of students and staff. Another group that oversee our work as teachers is the professional body the IFL or the Institute for Learning. Their role is to register everyone practicing as a teacher or trainer in FE on to their database. They promote themselves as supporting professional excellence; they aim to increase the status of teachers as professionals, requiring a membership fee and proof of qualifications which is supported by the employer. They also champion the importance of CPD and require members to provide evidence of this and their teaching hours each year. This is seen to keep standards of teaching high, and promote quality and teaching as a profession. Until very recently this is how the IFL worked but due to the loss in government funding and teachers reluctantly to pay their own subscription the number of people renewing their subscription to the IFL fell by over half to just 85,000 signalling a loss of confidence in the body and an end to its presences. For many teachers and trainers in FE it was seen as a welcomed downfall as many believed the IFL did nothing for them, however now this professional body has collapsed there is no one regulating the qualifications or standard required to teach in FE which may lead to competiveness for jobs and or poor standards of teaching and training. These developments seemingly leave only Ofsted in place to assess the quality and standards of colleges and the individual teachers. â€Å"Ofsted would be made responsible for ensuring that FE teachers were appropriately qualified through inspections† (TES [30/03/2012] [Online]) However I see a huge flaw in this method of assessing quality and knowledge, not every Ofsted inspector can have the depth in knowledge of every subject of every teacher he or she is going to observe. For example if I am teaching bricklaying and I’m teaching unacceptable practices how is that inspector meant to know I am teaching the wrong methods? Surely the only way to overcome this problem is to have employed properly qualified teachers and trainers and not just people with some subject knowledge. Now that the IFL is a voluntary body the employers themselves have discretion over this matter. Construction Skills is another organisation that oversee and support the vocational training we deliver in offender learning. They are a massive organisation and have a lot of different strands from providing qualifications, courses and assessment and training support through CSkills as an awarding organisation. They also developing courses and provide support and training to local businesses through being an industry training board. In 2003 Construction Skills were awarded Sector Skills Council status, this allowed them to deliver valued support across the industry. Their main aims are to help reduce a shortage in specialise skills and help to bring a diverse workforce into the industry. They are also involved in improving business performance and developing professional standards for construction occupations both trade and professional. The other area that they cover is probably most relevant to my work as a vocational trainer; they have a large input on the improvement of education for apprenticeships and higher and further education. They achieve this by awarding grants for training, providing businesses with advice on getting the best from their work force offering card schemes, recognised qualifications and helping to link college learning with on the job experience. Professionalism As teachers, trainers, tutors or whatever you what to call us in FE we all have more than one hat we wear that makes us a professional. The IFL although seemingly no more used to keep everybody who worked as a ‘teacher’ under the status of a professional. They did this by having in place the requirement to achieve QTLS or ATLS within five years of working within the education sector. QTLS stand for qualified teacher learning and skills and ATLS associate teacher learning and skills. Everybody working as a teacher was required to register as one or the other of these statuses depending on your level of teaching qualification, the full Cert Ed being a level 5, I myself would have had to apply for QTLS status. However the following quote suggests that very little teachers working in the sector today have taken out the required status of QTLS/ATLS. â€Å"Only a small number of lecturers have become ‘fully qualified’ under the current arrangements: between 2,900 (GHK, August 2011) and some 6,000 (IfL submission, 2012). Whilst this number may rise as the five-year watershed approaches, some 85 per cent of FE lecturers have not embarked on the final supervised practice phase, following the diploma. We do not believe that so slight a result after such a long delay makes this qualification credible as a licence to practise which, properly speaking, should be earned before starting work, as it would be in other professions.† (Bis [03/2012] [Online]) By making this a requirement the IFL aimed at ensuring each individual teacher had the ability to work at the standards expected of a licenced practitioner. To meet this requirement you were expected to submit evidence of your teaching practice, subject and background knowledge, your continued professional development and your own reflective practice. I feel this was affair approach to the matter They may say the â€Å"licence to practice should be earned before starting work† but the profession of teaching is like no other. Its not really something you can learn out of a book you have to get out there and do it then reflect on it, prepare and do it again. My personal two hats consist of my subject specialism, Carpentry and Joinery level 3 qualification, and hopefully in a couple of months my Cert Ed teaching qualification. Other training and development also comes into it, like holding a CSCS card, which is the Construction Skills Certificate Scheme. Another initiative that Construction Skills mentioned earlier are responsible for putting in place. It means you must hold a valid card to work on any building site in the country. To get a card you must pass a construction health and safety test, the cards also state on the back your profession and level of qualification. This is another method of keeping this industry safe, to required standards and professional. â€Å"Professional formation allows teachers to describe how these standards are evidenced in their teaching practice, along with aspects of subject currency, teaching and learning, reflective practice and planning for continuing professional development.† (IFL [11/2008] [Online]) Professional formation isn’t just about your status or qualifications though. It’s a lot about your actions too. As professionals we are expected to present, conduct and discipline ourselves in a particular manor. However with this status we also have the benefits of being rewarded recognition for our work, enhancing collaborations, sharing good practices and having support and respect from our colleagues, colleges and partnering bodies. The importance of engaging in CPPD CPPD or Continuing Personal and Professional Development is something as professionals we should all be doing on a regular basis. It was a requirement of the IFL to record our CPPD hours each year and although a lot of teachers possibly never took this serious it is a good method of keeping in touch with current affairs and adapting to changing trends. The key thing to remember is that this is not just about completing a list of activities undertaken during the year that add up to 6 or 12 or 30 hours. The time spent can be meaningless unless it makes a difference. (IFL [08/2009] [online]) Education is one such sector that never stands still, the requirement to change and reform is evident and we do this to keep things interesting, relevant and to continually push up standards. From a personal point of view, if I’m teaching my subject specialism I want to be a fountain of knowledge in it, I think it’s important to have good subject knowledge and as I have been out of the trade a couple of years now this is something I aim the address on completion of the Cert Ed. I will look at gaining further qualifications in my subject, or maybe completing an assessor’s award. I have even considered going back to construction site work to gain further experience and update my knowledge. Ideally being out in the field working on actual jobs with students would be the perfect scenario for continually developing myself and I feel this would also benefit the learners immensely. As for CPPD in my teaching, I aim to complete all training events offered, for example we had smart board training at work the other day. I also aim to relish being thrown in at the deep end which regularly happens as a cover tutor. I’m lucky in the way my support role at the prison lets me observe a lot of different teachers each week and taking on their good practices and addressing learners needs is excellent CPPD for me. The importance of reflective practice Reflecting on our work as teachers is the best way to develop, its important to have regular teaching practice. We learn valuable things when were in lessons, under pressure and on the spot, however the real learning comes afterwards when we reflect and analyse the session. This is our time to put things right in our heads and prepare ourselves for the same scenarios the next time. It would be extremely difficult to pre-empt every situation that could occur and almost impossible to prepare for each. â€Å"teachers who explore their own teaching through critical reflection develop changes in attitudes and awareness which they believe can benefit their professional growth as teachers, as well as improve the kind of support they provide their students.† (tttjournal [ND] [Online]) Not only should we be reflecting from our own experiences but it’s also extremely valuable to reflect on observations, hearing opinions from another person’s point of view can really pin point things that may have been frustrating us for weeks. Critical reflective practice is more complex than just reflecting. It’s about planning how you will evaluate a lesson or even a CPPD event; it is good practice to critically review these situations through different people’s points of view. Your colleagues, students, boss, or even a person in the field actually doing what you’re teaching or being taught. With this in mind reflection is one of our most important tools. Bibliography Bis [03/2012] Professionalism in further education [Online] http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/further-education-skills/docs/p/12-670-professionalism-in-further-education-interim [Accessed 27/05/2012] IFL [08/2009] Guidelines for your continuing professional development (CPD) [online] http://www.ifl.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/5501/J11734-IfL-CPD-Guidelines-08.09-web-v3.pdf [Accessed 12/06/2012] IFL [11/2008] Professional Formation [Online] http://www.itslifejimbutnotasweknowit.org.uk/files/IfL-professional-formation-overview.pdf [Accessed 12/06/2012] LSIS [ND] Our Impact in the Sector [Online] http://www.lsis.org.uk/AboutLSIS/LSIS-impact/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 20/06/12] TES [30/03/2012] FE professionalism gets radical shake-up [Online] http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6202944 [Accessed 15/04/2012] Tttjournal [ND] Towards Reflective Teaching [Online] http://www.tttjournal.co.uk/uploads/file/back_articles/towards_reflective_teaching.pdf [Accessed 03/06/12]

The Boy Who Loves Green Straws

The Boy Who Loves Green Straws Leo Rosa, the boy who loves green straws, was diagnosed as autistic in 2002 when he was two years old. His father, Craig, produces science videos for a TV station in San Francisco, and his mother, Shannon, is a blogger, and software consultant. He has two sisters, Zelly and Gisela. For the first few months after he was born, Leo Rosa seemed like a normal developing baby. It wasnt until his first birthday that the Rosas noticed anything unusual about him: he was taking his favorite toys and sliding them from one place to another, over and over again. Leo had always been a picky eater. His diet consisted almost exclusively of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, bananas, guacamole, Goldfish crackers, and popcorn snacks. He began suffering from frequent episodes of diarrhea and vomiting. Shannon took Leo to an allergy specialist to test him for allergies. All the tests came back negative. When Leo was two years old, a pediatrician friend noticed that Leo was not responding when called by his name. But when they checked Leos hearing, his hearing was fine. The director at a regional center told Craig and Shannon that Leo might be autistic. Shannon felt devastated. She spent hours searching for information to help her son. Two books in particular made an impression on her: Catherine Maurice: Let Me Hear Your Voice: A Familys Triumph over Autism; and Karyn Seroussi: Unraveling the Mystery of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder: A mothers Story of Research and Recovery. Catherine Maurices book focused on applied behavior analysis (ABA), a behavior modification technique based on the animal-training theory of B.F. Skinner. Karyn Seroussis book tells the story of a mother using a technique called biomedical intervention pioneered by Navy psychology Bernard Rimland. The foundation of this approach is the so-called GFCF diet, a strict diet free of gluten and casein, two proteins found in wheat and dairy products. The theory was that vaccines, like the DPT and the MMR leave some children unable to digest these proteins, leaving the walls of their intestine permeable (leaky gut syndrome). The undigested proteins are then carried by the bloodstream to the brain where they wreak havoc with normal development. Along with the GFCF diet, Seroussi used an aggressive program of high-dose vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and supplements developed by Rimlands Defeat Autism Now! (DAN!) network. After reading Seroussis book, Shannon took Leo to see a DAN! Doctor in nearby Los Altos. Samples of Leos blood, hair, stool, and urine were dispatched to the DAN!network for analysis. The allergist who had tested Leo months earlier hadnt turned up any red flags, but the test results from the DAN!network showed that Leo was extremely reactive to peanuts, and soy, and highly allergic to gluten and rye. Leos heavy-metal profile was also problematic, according to the doctor, and they should consider chelation to kick-start their sons recovery process. While they prepared Leo for chelation, the doctor suggested, they could undertake treatments to help correct his systemic imbalance. One such therapy is called BioSET, and the doctor knew of a skilled BioSET practitioner who had an office just down the block and said he would provide the Rosas with a referral. During one of Leos BioSET treatments, Shannon discovered that the therapist and the doctor were a couple. But the doctor hadnt said a word about their relationship when he made his referral, and neither had the therapist. A few months later, the Rosas returned to the doctors office for another round of lab results and consultation. There were some bad news. The heavy-metal profile showed that Leos body was now excreting low levels of mercury. This development made Leo an urgent candidate for chelation. Craig had been trying to get to the root of his research on chelation. The vaccination issue was particularly confusing for Craig because hed been reading a new batch of studies challenging the validity of Wakefields paper of mercury/autism hypothesis. He had told his father, Marty, that they were considering intravenous chelation on the advice of their doctor. Marty replied with a lengthy letter in which he expressed his concerns. He would not put their hope on chelation and food supplements. As a health care professional, he said, he was unnerved by the sheer number of disclaimers in the DAN! Report. Marty felt that the risk was too high to Leo. On the next visit to Los Altos, the doctor brought up chelation again. But this time Craig challenged him. He asked the doctor whether there were any scenario that he would not recommend chelation, and the doctors answer was no. At that point, Craig and Shannon walked out of the doctors office and never went back again. *** Leo was nowhere close to recovery, but he was thriving in his own ways. He connected with his ABA therapist. For 24 hours a week, she worked with him on mastering simple tasks that would enable him to care for himself and express his desires and preferences more effectively. Then Shannon read a book that inspired her to think differently about Leo. Making Peace with Autism was Susan Senators story of raising her autistic son. The book promoted no theories of autism causation and promised no astonishing recovery. After reading the book, Shannon stop treating her son like a science experiment and started improvising creative ways of making connections with Leo and meeting his needs.

Gene Therapy: History and Advancements

Gene Therapy: History and Advancements Gene therapy is an advanced and evolving technology that is being researched and developed extensively. It is an experimental technique that simply, introduces a gene into cells, in the place of a defective or missing gene to correct a genetic disorder. Gene therapy is very interesting and it is very important for scientists to grow the knowledge of gene therapy which can be expanded and applied to help correct different genetic disorders. In 1966, a paper was published by Edward Tatum, proposing the effectiveness of viruses to be used in gene therapy. A couple of years after the paper was published, a demonstration proved Edwards concept true. The term gene therapy arose during the 1960s and 1970s. The first successful patient to be treated with gene therapy was in 1990, a four-year-old girl who had ADA (Adenosine deaminase deficiency), a disease that severally affects the immune system and its ability to fight infections. The therapy consisted of her white blood cells being taken from her and being inserted with the correct genes for making ADA, which was then reinjected into her. Along with her, another nine-year-old was infused with their own corrected cells over a two-year period. Gene therapy has multiple uses, the main being used to fix defective genes or to replace missing genes. Researchers and scientists have been working on gene therapy for decades and the future is very encouraging. Gene therapy can be used to correct a mutated gene. Gene therapy has successfully cured multiple diseases such as immune deficiencies like Severe Combines Immune Deficiency, Adenosine deaminase deficiency, different types of inherited blindness, haemophilia, blood diseases, fat metabolism disorder and gene therapy treatments are under development for cancer. A promising discovery of an effective treatment for melanoma has provided hope for many cancer sufferers. Although gene therapy holds a promise for treating a range of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, it is only available as part of a clinical trial. Gene therapy is the future of curing diseases. Through the process of gene therapy, genes are able to be introduced into existing cells to cure a wide range of diseases. Some examples of gene therapy successes include: Parkinsons disease is a disease that targets the brain, causing the patient to lose cells. As the disease advances, the sufferers lose the ability to control their movements. After a small group of patients were treated by the introduction of new normal cells, they all had improved muscle control. Beta-Thalassemia is a disease where patients dont have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. Sufferers depend on constant blood transfusions for survival. In 2007, a patient with a severe blood disease received gene therapy to treat the blood stem cells. After the treatment, the patient was able to raise the level of healthy red blood cells. The patient is now living without blood transfusions. Immune deficiencies are among the first genetic disorders to be treated successfully by gene therapy. An example would be Severe Combined Immune Deficiency. SCID was one of the first to be treated by gene therapy. The cure for SCID has been modified since it was first discovered because the old cure could potentially trigger leukemia. The cure now uses safer vectors which are much less likely to cause cancer. Still in research, gene therapy is far from being perfected. Gene therapy has many risks because of this. Some risks may include inflammation because of how your immune system responded to the working gene copy, the working gene might be slotted in the wrong spot, the working gene might produce too much of the missing protein or enzyme it was targeted to do, causing complicated health problems and other genes may be delivered to the cell instead of the correct gene and the deactivated virus that was intended to target a cell might target another cell. Because gene therapy changes how your body functions, some people may be against that idea because they believe that it is ethically wrong to do. For example, some people might believe that God made us how we are and it is not up to us to change our genes and how they function to fix our imperfections. Gene therapy is still in development and conducting gene therapy clinical trials with genetically modified organisms presents potential safety and infection issues. All human clinical trials that are undertaken in Australia must be conducted under either the Clinical Trial Notification (CTN) or Clinical Trial Exemption schemes (CTX). In addition to the compliance to the CTN or CTX, any human clinical trials involving gene therapy must also require approval by the Gene Technology regulator under the Gene Technology Act of 2000. The intention of the Gene technology act is to protect the health and safety of people, and to protect the environment, by identifying risks posed by or as a result of gene technology. I believe that gene therapy is a big advancement in science. Gene therapy has the potential to revolutionize the way we can cure diseases. Gene therapy, if perfected, has an enormous potential to do good such as curing genetic disorders, but things such as genetic engineering are being researched more. There are already some foods such as rice, that has been genetically altered to have more minerals and vitamins, including vitamin A. This sort of genetic modification isnt bad because it can help increase vitamin levels in some populations of the world that do not have access to more nutritious foods. The concerning side to genetic engineering would be that scientists could find ways to manipulate anything wee need such as our height, build, gender, eye sight ability, potentially developing super-humans.

Jim Jarmusch’s Unique Western Film, Deadman :: Movie Film Essays

Jim Jarmusch’s Unique Western Film, Deadman In Jim Jarmusch’s Dead Man, he pays homage to the classic style of western films while taking his own eccentric take that puts the film in a league of its own. With a combination of elements related to the western genre and a genre Jarmusch creates all on his own, the viewer can begin to explore and appreciate the unique film, Dead Man. Although the scenery of isolated towns, mystic rivers, and endless forests is consistent with the western genre, the philosophical tone of the movie is not. The philosophy of a true western film deals a character fighting with guns to maintain honor (and of course order and justice). He kills because he has to and that is the end of it. In Dead Man, William Blake appears to be doing the same thing. He begins to use his gun for survival, but it is different. The gun actually stands for something in the film. Blake becomes a poet by the use of his gun, which mirrors the legendary American poet whose name he shares. The guns show how disgusting it is in American society to kill and Jarmusch doesn’t glamorize it in the way that Hollywood blockbusters about violence do. Further exploring the similarities on the surface, a true western always has the same type of characters and props. Blake is shown in the same outfit throughout the film much like the one outfit that a westerner wears. Blake encounters a whore in the town who is not opposed to the usage of guns, which also goes along with a whore’s values in a true western film. The town of Machine is desolate, dirty, and ruled by guns. In western movies there is always a dirty town with the same characteristics. All of those similarities are not used in the same way, however; they are used as tools to give this surface western a deeper meaning that no true western film ever explored. The themes are pessimistic as they deal with death and afterlife, rather than hope and rebirth. The killings in the movie mock the way people are killed in westerns. Blake doesn’t kill to protect his honor; he kills to survive and in turn mocks the system. Another thing that Jarmusch is mocking by using the western genre as a medium is the treatment of Native Americans. Nobody talks about how he was rejected by whites, and then rejected by his own people by growing up in the white society.

Ophelias Weakness Essay -- essays research papers

In classic works of literature, all characters have certain flaws, and Shakespeare’s tragedies’ characters in particular have faults that ultimately lead to their ruination. In Hamlet, Ophelia’s flaws eventually kill her. In the beginning of the play, it is clear through her thoughts and actions that that Ophelia is an obedient person. But upon closer inspection, the audience can see that she is not merely an obedient, but completely dependent and weak character. In fact, her needy nature is unmistakable from the beginning. OPH: â€Å"I do not know, my lord, what I should think.† POL: â€Å"Marry, I will teach you. Think yourself a baby†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, Scene III, lines 105-106) Her cruel clashings with Hamlet, which go against her feelings for him, demonstrate her absolute obedience to her father. For example, from the start Ophelia told her father that she is fond of Hamlet: â€Å"My lord, he hath importuned me with love / In honorable fashion.† (Act I, Scene IV, lines 111-112) In relating this to Polonius, she implies that Hamlet is a decent and honorable man, and that she does have feelings for him. Ophelia’s later actions sacrifice these personal feelings by order of he r father, proving her total submission to his authority. Ophelia specifically agrees with her father not to see Hamlet again: â€Å"I shall obey, my lord†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, Scene IV, line 136) This shows that Polonius has complete control over his daughter, with her desire to please her father as the direct cause. Ophelia has an innate desi...

Racquetball :: essays research papers

Racquetball is played by two or four players. When played by two, it is called singles and when played by four, doubles. A non-tournament variation of the game that is played by three players is called cut-throat. Racquetball is a competitive game in which a strung racquet is used to serve and return the ball. The objective is to win each rally by serving or returning the ball so the opponent is unable to keep the ball in play. A rally is over when a player (or team in doubles) is unable to hit the ball before it touches the floor twice, is unable to return the ball in such a manner that it touches the front wall before it touches the floor, or when a hinder is called. Points are scored only by the serving side when it serves an irretrievable serve (an ace) or wins a rally. Losing the serve is called a sideout in singles. In doubles, when the first server loses the serve it is called a handout and when the second server loses the serve it is a sideout. A match is won by the first side winning two games. The first two games of a match are played to 15 points. If each side wins one game, a tiebreaker game is played to 11 points. The specifications for the standard four-wall racquetball court follow. (a) Dimensions. The dimensions shall be 20 feet wide, 40 feet long and 20 feet high, with a back wall at least 12 feet high. All surfaces shall be in play, with the exception of any gallery opening, surfaces designated as out-of-play for a valid reason (such as being of a very different material or not in alignment with the backwall), and designated court hinders. (b) Markings. Racquetball courts shall be marked with lines 1 1/2 inches wide as follows: 1. Short Line. The back edge of the short line is midway between, and is parallel with, the front and back walls. 2. Service Line. The front edge of the service line is parallel with, and five feet in front of, the back edge of the short line. 3. Service Zone. The service zone is the 5' x 20' area bounded by the bottom edges of the side walls and by the outer edges of the short line and the service line. 4. Service Boxes. The service boxes, used in doubles play, are located at each end of the service zone and are designated by lines parallel with the side walls.

The Portryal of Women

This also includes any female emotions they might encounter such as pain, sorrow and frustration leading them to surrender. In Exile of the Son's of Gillis, Dermis's destiny was already determined while she was in the womb. She was raised apart from everyone else and isolated from the world. After she was born all of her power was taken in the hands of society. She was fully under the control of Connector, as he announced â€Å"This Woman I'll keep to myself'(131). As only being seen as an object the types of men she was Introduced to would never eve her, but would take control of her and battle for her ownership.The full year she was taken under Schooner's control she never gave one smile, she had no strength to eat or sleep, or even Lift her head from her knees. At this time, Dredger was taken full advantage of the most by being degraded and raped repetitively by Connector and Eagan. Despite the men that Derider has been through, no one captured her feelings as much as Noises. Thi s is where Derider had taken it upon herself to have Noises convince Connector allow them to escape together.Since Cinchonas made no exceptions, Derider urged Noises to return home where she would remain unprotected. In order for this physical and mental pain she was experiencing to stop, she was left nothing more but to kill herself. One of her last words spoken was, â€Å"Break my heart no more today, In a short while I'll be no more, Grief is heavier than the sea, If you were but wise, Connector†(136). Due to not having any control In this situation she rebelled against them proving her ultimate power over her body, mind and spilt.When Dredger committed seclude, she knew that by taking her own life she would never be dominated by Connector and Eagan, the two men she hated the most. Similar themes are encountered in The Wife's Lament. The main character is also feeling the same emotions as Derider in the Exile of the Sons of Gillis. In the beginning, this poem it describes the wife's resentment she has towards her husband who left her feeling empty and alone in the world. This can be compared to Derider were both of these women do not know how to react to their different tuitions or able to move on from it.Also, they both are longing for a love that they will never have. Since her life was revolved around the well being of her Lord, once he is gone she feels helpless in this unfamiliar and hostile world. Her misery Is expressed when she recites, â€Å"There I weep my exile, the many burdens. Therefore I can never set my cares at rest, nor still all this life's longing, which Is my lot†(1 14). This quote overlooks all her sorrows being left In the dark and deserted, that she will never overcome her suffering pain of separation.She was left with no control under ten solution Ana let to accept near loneliness. Her last tongue was auto near husband and convinced herself that he too was suffering. â€Å"Whether my friend has all the world's Joy his bidding or whether, outlawed from his homeland, he sits covered with storm frost beneath a rocky cliff – my weary – minded friend, drenched in some dreary hall – he suffers great anguish†(114). Overall, this poem is mainly focuses on the speaker's grief suffering through her state of hopelessness.Today, women are till experiencing the issues of degrading and being looked at as an object. Each of the women in The Exile of the Son's of Gillis and The Wife's Lament showing the corruption that degrading had caused. This is where they both took action and tried to escape their feeling of constant misery. They had no control or power in any situations leading them to their feelings of pain, sorrow and frustration. Leading us to have higher hopes for the future that will always be taken into consideration in positions of leadership and appreciated for what they stand for.